Effect of Urbanization on Groundwater Resources of Izmir City
Alper Baba1 and Hamidreza Yazdani2,3
1Izmir Institute of Technology, Engineering Faculty, Izmir, Turkey, Email: alperbaba@iyte.edu.tr
2Izmir Institute of Technology, Architecture Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
3Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, Directorate of Historic Environment and Cultural Properties, Izmir, Turkey
Abstract:
İzmir is the third largest city in Turkey. Fiftysix percent of the drinking water of İzmir city is provided from groundwater resources. Halkapınar (located on Bornova Plain) is one of the important groundwater resources areas. This regionis providing 16 % of İzmir drinking resources. The water withdraws from the Halkapınar wells is about 30 million m3 in recent years.
The groundwater levels of Bornova plain are range from 1 m to 10m. This plain had been used as agricultural lands until the 1950s, while today they have been opened for settlement.
In 1965 Bornova accommodated half of its population in rural areas after receiving so much immigration. It was inevitable to open the citycentre to housing and to consider the surrounding village areas as urban areas. By the year 2000, the rural population had already been melted into the urban population. The agricultural areas in rural parts of the country will have completely disappeared in 50 years' time. Much of the surface of the plain is rendered impermeable by buildings, roads and surface coverings.
Because of this covering, groundwater recharge is reduced and increases and accelerates runoff the plain.
The groundwater recharge from precipitation was about 27 % in 1925, but this amount dropped to 13% in 2012. Groundwater recharge from precipitation will be 1% in 2030. Hydrodynamic of plain is change because of excessive urbanization. Groundwater level of the plain still high because tall building makes a barrier for groundwater recharge points.
Key words: Groundwater resources, urbanization, water quality, Izmir
- INTRODUCTION Mankind is the major geomorphic agent that affects the Earth’s land surfaces (Sherlock, 1922,Underwood, 2001). Over 50% of the Earth’s population now lives in cities and it is estimated that by 2025 this will increase to over 67% (Ramsey, 2003). Urbanization is the major processnow affecting the land. The development of cities inevitably increases paved surfaces and roofsand storm drains. Urbanization is an also major geomorphic process affecting groundwater systems (Sharp, 2010).
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Effect of Urbanization on Groundwater Resources of Izmir City
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